Dynamic Community And Modern Islamic Applications: The Study Of Muhammad Abduh's Epistemology

Since entering the era of decline, Muslims no longer produce outstanding achievements in field science. Western scholars then developed science with materials from work Muslim scholars. Of course, there are weaknesses inherent civilization. However, they creatively new things to be studied. In 19th century, scientific optimism was partly due emergence theory Darwin (Charles Darwin), Herbert Spencer (Social Darwinism), before Agust Comte, and so on. Abduh himself met England. The findings intellectuals became subject discussion by Muhammad Abduh. Islam is not against This what often said. Islamic thought reform movement a challenging study continues explored. One fundamental challenge faced thinkers century decline Islam. demands solved found solution. How did reformers respond challenges tough times? Good because, factually, lagging position. Also, many countries under occupation West.